Nephrolithiasis often is incidentally identified in asymptomatic patients who undergo plain radiographs or computed tomographic imaging for another indication. 14 The most common biochemical abnormality identified in patients with nephrolithiasis is hypercalciuria other abnormalities may include hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia, hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, hypernatriuria, and hypocitraturia. By comparison, struvite stones and uric acid stones each account for 5 to 10 percent of stones, and cystine stones are rare. 12,13Īpproximately 80 percent of adults with nephrolithiasis have stones comprised predominately of calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate. 8-11 With respect to fluid intake, different beverage types appear to have different impacts on the risk of nephrolithiasis. However, evidence is mixed for diets with increased animal protein, low dietary magnesium, low dietary potassium, and increased sodium. 7 In large observational studies, dietary factors associated with increased risk of nephrolithiasis include low fluid intake and low dietary calcium. Medical conditions that increase the risk of nephrolithiasis include primary hyperparathyroidism, 4 obesity, 5 diabetes, 6 and gout. 1,2 Following an initial stone event, the spontaneous 5-year recurrence rate is 35 to 50 percent. Lifetime prevalence is estimated at 13 percent for men and 7 percent for women. Epidemiology of NephrolithiasisĪlthough nephrolithiasis may occur at any age, onset is more common in young and middle-aged adults. Stone formation may occur when the urinary concentration of crystal-forming substances (calcium, oxalate, uric acid) is high and/or that of substances that inhibit stone formation (citrate) is low. Stones form from crystals that precipitate (separate) out of the urine. Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stone disease, is a condition in which individuals form calculi (stones) within the renal pelvis and tubular lumens.
Background and Objectives for the Systematic Review Definition of Nephrolithiasis
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